Indirect labeling method. Briefly, the reactive amine derivative of dUTP, 5-(3- aminoallyl)-2?-deoxyuridine 5?-triphosphate (Sigma) is incorporated into cDNA using the Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) and oligo dT (Invitrogen) and random examers (Roche). After synthesis of cDNA (2–3 h at 42 °C), RNA is hydrolyzed by addition of sodium hydroxide and EDTA to a final concentration of 100 mM and 10 mM, respectively and incubated at 65 °C for 10 min. The hydrolysis reaction is neutralized with 1 M HEPES. After removing free nucleotides by purif...

The yeast oligonucleotide array is constructed using the S. cerevisiae Genome Oligo Set ™ (Operon Technologies, CA, USA) composed of 6240 optimized oligonucleotides (70mers) each representing one yeast gene.

When the pellets are dry, they are resuspended in RNase-free water.

The pellets are washed with 70% Ethanol two times.

After the spin (10’ at 3,000 rpm), the supernatants are precipitated in RNase-free centrifuge tube by adding 1/10 volume 3 M NaAcetate (pH 5.3) and 2.5 volumes of cold ETOH 100% overnight at -20°C. Centrifugation (30’ at 12000 rpm).

After the centrifugation (10’ at 5000 rpm) the supernatant is transferred into a pre-spun (5’ at 1500 rpm) 50 ml Phase Lock Gel tube (Eppendorf 0032 005.330) and 4 ml of chloroform (Fischer BP1145-1) are added into the falcon.

Cytokine accumulation is evaluated in the supernatants at 24h by ELISA, according to a standard protocol and it is measured at 450nm.

The samples are centrifugated at 5000 rpm in an tabletop centrifuge.

After 10’ of incubation in 65 °C water bath, the samples are incubated on ice.

The cells are collected and the pellets are resuspended in 3.6 ml AE Buffer (AE=50mM NaAcetate pH 5.2, 10mM EDTA) and then transferred in 15 ml tubes wit 200 µl 10% SDS (w/v). 2 ml of preheated acid phenol (pH 4.3) are added and the falcon is mixed by vortex.

Serial diluition of yeast cells and preparations are added to the MoDCs.

Monocyte-derived DCs are added at a final concentration of 5x105 cells/ml into 96-well plates.

Different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are cultured and collected in different conditions: different growth phase (exponential and stationary phase) different growth media (standard and promoting pseudohyphal growth) different cell form (spheroplast, spore and whole cell)

DCs activation is induced by lipopolisaccaride (LPS 1microgram/ml, Sigma, St. Louis, MO), by Curdlan (100 micrograms/ml, Wako), by R848 and yeast RNA and by yeast cells in different conditions of culture.

Differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells is promoted by addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF 1000U/ml, Chemicon) and recombinant IL-4 (1000U/ml, R&D Systems) for 5 days.

Cells are cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (GIBCO BRL) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine (Sigma), 1% (vol/vol) non-essential amino acids, 100 mM sodium pyruvate, 50 U/ml of penicillin and 50 mg/ml of streptomycin (Gibco BRL) containing 10% (vol/vol) FCS (Hyclone).

Monocytes are isolated from PBMC using MACS anti-CD14 microbeads and a Midi-MACS® magnetic cell sorting device (both from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch- Gladbach,Germany).

PBMC are isolated from buffy coats by density gradient centrifugation using Biocoll (BIOCHROM).

Coculture of DCs and cells to be taken up (1(-2)x10^5 + 1(-2)x10^5 cells in 12-well) for 4 h to 24 h at 37°C

Take supernatant and freeze at -80°C for analysis of DC-stimulation