We have investigated the respective role of IL-10 and IDO, both required for Th1 suppression in this model. As IL-10 has been shown to indirectly dampen Th1 responses through the inhibition of IL-12 production by antigen-presenting-cells, we monitored mRNA expression specific for the inducible chain IL-12 p35 in lymph nodes draining the site of injection or in mesenteric lymph nodes of mice instilled intra-colonically with TNBS. Our results clearly show that IL-12 production early after the onset of the response was unaffected by anti-CTLA-4 treatment. By cont...

Src kinases were found to be required for the initiation of some maturation characteristics of human monocytes derived dendritic cells upon stimulation with several toll like receptor (TLR) agonists but not of others, since their inhibition was able to dissociate cytokines and chemokines production from the induction of surface maturation markers.

10 mg/ml sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (Sigma-Aldrich) in 50 mM NaHCO3 pH 8.5 were used to biotinylate yeasts / spores for 2 hours at 4°C. The remaining reactive biotin molecules were inactivated by incubation in 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 for 40 minutes at 4°C. DCs were then treated with biotinylated spores/yeasts.

In a spore culture, zymolyase (2 mg/ml) was used to digest ascum and liberate spores. We initially performed experiments to evaluate zymoliase sensitivity of asci for this specific strain and we assessed that 15 minutes incubation was the minimum time needed to damage the ascus, without touching the spore cell wall. Zymoliase was inactivated by heat (65°C for 2 minutes) and washed away carefully together with the remainings of the empty ascus, by resuspending twice the spore culture in 500 µl of distilled water centrifuging and discarding the supernatant; th...

Zymolyase was used to treat DC, which were used in a study of microrganism survival following uptake by DCs.